Complicaciones materno-fetales en gestantes obesas del municipio Artemisa / Maternal-Fetal Complications in Obese Pregnant Women from Artemisa Municipality

Introducción: Un Índice de Masa Corporal superior de 30 kg/m2, al inicio de la gestación, se asocia con incremento de riesgo para presentar afecciones materno-fetales. Objetivo: Describir las principales complicaciones maternas o fetales asociadas a la obesidad en gestantes del municipio Artemisa. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, en Artemisa, en el 2016. De las 832 gestantes captadas, se seleccionaron 179 con Índice de Masa Corporal > 25 kg/m2 desde la etapa preconcepcional o en la captación del embarazo. Mediante revisión documental se obtuvo la información de interés: tipo de obesidad y complicaciones materno-fetales. Resultados: De las gestantes del estudio, 21,5 por ciento (179 de 832) iniciaron el embarazo con un Índice de Masa Corporal > 25 kg/m2; 61,5 por ciento110 de 179) padecían obesidad combinada con hipertensión arterial y/o diabetes. La frecuencia de complicaciones aumentó con la presencia de estas enfermedades asociadas. Las principales morbilidades maternas fueron: partos vaginales con complicaciones obstétricas, anemia, cesáreas, preeclampsia y diabetes gestacional. El 50 por ciento de las participantes tuvo descendencia afectada. Cuando la obesidad materna se acompañaba de hipertensión arterial, con frecuencia se observaron recién nacidos pretérmino. Si las obesas padecían diabetes pregestacional los defectos congénitos mayores resultaron las morbilidades predominantes en su descendencia. No se encontró asociación entre sobrepeso preconcepcional e incremento del riesgo de afecciones fetales. Conclusiones: Alrededor de 20 de cada 100 mujeres inician el embarazo con sobrepeso u obesidad, con un incremento del riesgo de complicaciones materno-fetales proporcional al aumento del Índice de Masa Corporal y a la gravedad con la que se presenta esta enfermedad. Este riesgo es mayor cuando la obesidad se combina con otras morbilidades maternas(AU)

Introduction: A body mass index higher than 30 kg/m2, at the beginning of pregnancy, is associated with an increased risk of presenting maternal-fetal conditions. Objective: To describe the main maternal or fetal complications associated with obesity in pregnant women from Artemisa Municipality. Methods: An observational and cross-sectional study was conducted in Artemisa in 2016. Of the 832 pregnant women, 179 with body mass index higher than 25 kg/m2 from the preconception stage or at the time of pregnancy were selected. Through documentary review, information of interest was obtained: type of obesity and maternal-fetal complications. Results: Of the pregnant women under study, 21.5 percent(179 of 832) started their pregnancy with a body mass index higher than 25 kg/m2, while 61.5 percent (110 of 179) suffered from obesity combined with arterial hypertension and/or diabetes. The frequency of complications increased with the presence of these associated diseases. The main maternal morbidities were vaginal deliveries with obstetric complications, anemia, cesarean sections, preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. 50 percent of the participants had affected offspring. When maternal obesity was accompanied by arterial hypertension, preterm newborns were frequently observed. If obese women had pregestational diabetes, major congenital defects were the predominant morbidities in their offspring. No association was found between preconceptional overweight and increased risk of fetal conditions. Conclusions: About twenty out of a hundred women start pregnancy with overweight or obesity, with an increased risk for maternal-fetal complications proportional to the increase in body mass index and the severity with which this disease is manifested. This risk is higher when obesity is combined with other maternal morbidities(AU)

Tromboprofilaxis precoz y evolución en embarazadas con COVID-19 / Early thromboprophylaxis and evolution in pregnant women with COVID-19

Introducción: en marzo del año 2020 se declara Pandemia, por la aparición de un nuevo Coronavirus, el SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19). Las mujeres embarazadas presentan un riesgo mayor de presentar procesos tromboembólicos, por lo que se recomienda utilizar de manera profiláctica heparina, para prevención de procesos tromboembólicos durante la infección por SARS-CoV2. Objetivo: Describir la evolución de las embarazadas con infección por SARS-CoV2 con la utilización de heparina de bajo peso molecular, Enoxaparina, ajustada al peso de manera precoz. Metodología: estudio descriptivo prospectivo, observacional, de corte transversal. Resultados: en la evolución de 30 mujeres embarazadas con infección por SARS-CoV2, las edades más frecuentes corresponden a 31 a 35 años, mayor número de infectadas en el segundo trimestre del embarazo, el índice de masa corporal predominante en rango de sobrepeso y obesidad, la dosis de enoxaparina utilizada fue de 40 mg/día, ya que se ajustó al peso de la embarazada, las comorbilidades más frecuentes correspondieron al sobrepeso y obesidad, enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo y diabetes gestacional, la sintomatología resultó muy variada, debido a las distintas variantes del virus, con más frecuencia la rinorrea, congestión nasal, tos, anosmia, disgeusia, cefalea, fiebre y dificultad respiratoria, y la mayoría de las embarazadas no estaban vacunadas. Conclusiones: ninguna de las 30 embarazadas que recibieron heparina de bajo peso molecular (Enoxapina), ajustada al peso, y de manera precoz, con infección por SARS.CoV2, falleció, ni requirió internación en Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. Una embarazada, fue internada por disnea moderada y saturación de oxígeno menor a 95%. Las restantes embarazadas tuvieron buena evolución en su domicilio, sin ninguna complicación

Introduction: in March 2020, a Pandemic was declared, due to the appearance of a new Coronavirus, SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19). Pregnant women have a higher risk of presenting thromboembolic processes, so it is recommended to use heparin prophylactically, to prevent thromboembolic processes during SARS-CoV2 infection. Objective: to describe the evolution of pregnant women with SARS-CoV2 infection with the early use of Enoxaparin, adjusted to the weight of low molecular weight heparin. Methodology: prospective, observational, cross-sectional descriptive study. Results: in the evolution of 30 pregnant women with SARS-CoV2 infection, the most frequent ages correspond to 31 to 35 years, the highest number of infected in the second trimester of pregnancy, the predominant body mass index in the range of overweight and obesity. , the dose of enoxaparin used was 40 mg/day, since it was adjusted to the weight of the pregnant woman, the most frequent comorbidities were overweight and obesity, hypertensive disease of pregnancy and gestational diabetes, the symptoms were highly varied, due to the different variants of the virus, more frequently rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, cough, anosmia, dysgeusia, headache, fever and respiratory distress, and most of the pregnant women were not vaccinated. Conclusions: none of the 30 pregnant women who received low molecular weight heparin (Enoxapine), adjusted for weight, and early, with SARS.CoV2 infection, died or required admission to the Intensive Care Unit. A pregnant woman was hospitalized due to moderate dyspnea and oxygen saturation less than 95%. The remaining pregnant women had a good evolution at home, without any complications

Efecto del comportamiento del peso materno en el peso del neonato / Effect of the behavior of maternal weight on the weight of the newborn. Introduction

La alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en las mujeres en edad fértil hace necesario indagar por el impacto que este factor y la ganancia ponderal excesiva en la gestación generan sobre el peso al nacer del neonato. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del comportamiento del peso materno en dos grupos, gestantes con recién nacido macrosómico y normopeso. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal retrospectivo de medidas repetidas, para comparar la ganancia ponderal en siete momentos de la gestación en dos grupos de gestantes, cuarenta y ocho con recién nacido macrosómico vs cuarenta y ocho normopeso. El estudio se realizó en una institución de segundo nivel de Antioquia-Colombia, a partir de las historias clínicas del control prenatal de los último cinco años. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre grupos, para el peso de los siete momentos del periodo gestacional (p <0,001). El peso gestacional materno, contribuyó a la varianza del peso del neonato, especialmente en el grupo de gestantes con recién nacido macrosómico. Conclusión: La ganancia ponderal materna impacta el peso al nacer, es decir que, a mayor peso gestacional materno, mayor fue el peso del recién nacido(AU)

The high prevalence of overweight and obesity in women of a childbearing age makes it necessary to investigate the impact that this factor and an excessive weight gain in pregnancy have on the weight at birth of the newborn. Objective: To evaluate the effect of maternal weight behavior in two groups, pregnant with a macrosomic newborn and a normal weight. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study of repeated measures, to compare the weight gain at seven moments of the gestation in two groups of pregnant women, forty-eight with macrosomic newborn vs. forty-eight with a normal weight. The study was carried out in a second-level institution in Antioquia-Colombia, based on the medical records of the prenatal control of the last five years. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between groups for the weight of the seven moments of the gestational period (p <0.001). Maternal gestational weight contributed to the variance of the newborn's weight, especially in the group of pregnant women with a macrosomic newborn. Conclusion: Maternal weight gain impacts birth weight, which means, the higher the maternal gestational weight, the higher the newborn's weight(AU)

Physical exercise and metformin in gestational obesity and prevention on gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review / Exercício físico e metformina na obesidade gestacional e prevenção diabetes mellitus gestacional: revisão sistemática

Abstract Objectives: identify the action of metformin and physical activities to reduce weight gain and prevent mellitus diabetes in obese pregnant women. Methods: the electronic search was performed in PubMed / MEDLINE, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane library databases between 2008 and 2018. The selection took place between April and July 2018, through the descriptors "pregnancy, obesity, metformin, treatment, exercise". A protocol was programmed and consecutively a selective research on the inclusion / exclusion phase. The "PICO" strategy was used. Population: obese pregnant women. Intervention: physical exercises and metformin. Control: The main indicator established was therapeutic outcomes with physical activity and metformin. Outcome of interest: body weight control. Results: by selecting the database, 3,983 articles were identified on the topic of interest. After selecting and eligibility, only 16 scientific studies were selected, of which 81.25% were clinical trials related to diet programs, physical activity, metformin use and possible outcomes, 18.75% were prospective cohort on causes of obesity in gestation and its association with gestational mellitus diabetes and preventive therapies. The study pointed out the possibility of adapting physical therapy programs with the correct metformin dosage for a greater control in gestational weight gain. However, there is a need for greater awareness and changes in habits for obese woman during the gestational period. Conclusions: the drug presents similarity to physical activity by activating AMPK and may be added to treatments that propose changes in pregnant women's lifestyle to reduce weight gain and prevent gestational diabetes mellitus with a better understanding of the optimal dosage. Thus, the study suggests the use of metformin is not only for the prevention and the intercurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus, but a strictly careful investigation allowing its use to non-diabetic obese pregnant women.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar a ação da metformina e da atividade física para redução do ganho de peso e prevenção do diabetes mellitus em gestantes obesas. Métodos: a busca eletrônica foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus e biblioteca Cochrane entre 2008 e 2018. A seleção ocorreu entre abril e julho de 2018, através dos descritores "gravidez, obesidade, metformina, tratamento, exercício". Programou-se um protocolo e consecutivamente uma etapa seletiva de inclusão/exclusão das pesquisas. Utilizou-se a estratégia "PICO". População: gestantes obesas. Intervenção: exercícios fisicos e metformina. Controle: o principal comparador estabelecido foi o desfecho terapêutico com atividade fisica e metformina. Desfecho de interesse: controle do peso corporal. Resultados: através da seleção do banco de dados, 3.983 artigos foram identificados sobre o tema de interesse. Após as etapas de seleção e elegibilidade, apenas 16 estudos científicos foram selecionados, dos quais 81,25% ensaios clinicos referentes aos programas de dieta, atividade física, uso da metformina e possíveis desfechos, 18,75% coorte prospectiva sobre as causas da obesidade na gestação e sua associação com o diabetes mellitus gestacional e terapêutica preventiva. O estudo apontou a possibilidade de se adequar programas de terapias físicas com a dosagem correta de metformina para um maior controle no ganho de peso gestacional. No entanto, existe a necessidade de uma maior concientização e mudanças de hábitos da mulher obesa durante o período gestacional. Conclusões: a droga apresenta semelhança com a atividade física ao ativar o AMPK e pode somar aos tratamentos que propõem mudanças no estilo de vida das gestantes para reduzir o ganho de peso e prevenir o diabetes mellitus gestacional com a necessidade de um melhor entendimento sobre a dosagem ideal. Desta forma, o estudo sugere que o uso da metformina não seja apenas para prevenção e intercorrências do DMG, mas também com uma investigação estritamente cuidadosa para possibilitar o seu uso em grávidas obesas não diabéticas.

Factors associated with the need for insulin as a complementary treatment to metformin in gestational diabetes mellitus / Fatores associados à necessidade de insulina como tratamento complementar à metformina na diabetes mellitus gestacional

Abstract Objective To evaluate the factors associated with the need for insulin as a complementary treatment to metformin in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods A case-control study was performed from April 2011 to February 2016 with pregnant women with GDM who needed complementary treatments besides diet and physical exercise. Those treated with metformin were compared with those who, in addition to metformin, also needed the combination with insulin. Maternal characteristics and glycemic control were evaluated. Multinomial logistic regression models were developed to evaluate the influence of different therapies on neonatal outcomes. Results A total of 475 pregnant women who needed pharmacological therapy were evaluated. Of these, 366 (77.05%) were submitted to single therapy with metformin, and 109 (22.94%) needed insulin as a complementary treatment. In the analysis of the odds ratio (OR), fasting glucose (FG)<90 mg/dL reduced the odds of needing the combination (OR: 0.438 [0.235-0.815]; p=0.009], as well as primiparity (OR: 0.280 [0.111-0.704]; p=0.007]. In obese pregnant women, an increased chance of needing the combination was observed (OR: 2,072 [1,063-4,039]; p=0,032). Conclusion Obesity resulted in an increased chance of the mother needing insulin as a complementary treatment to metformin, while FG<90 mg/dL and primiparity were protective factors.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os fatores associados à necessidade de insulina como tratamento complementar à metformina em gestantes com diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG). Métodos Um estudo caso-controle foi realizado de abril de 2011 a fevereiro de 2016 comgestantes portadoras de DMG que necessitaram de tratamentos complementares além de dieta e exercícios físicos. Aquelas tratadas commetformina foram comparadas com aquelas que, além da metformina, também precisaram de combinação com insulina. Foram avaliadas as características maternas e de controle glicêmico. Modelos de regressão logística multinomial foram construídos para avaliar a influência das diferentes terapias nos desfechos neonatais. Resultados Foram avaliadas 475 gestantes que necessitaram de terapia farmacológica. Destas, 366 (77,05%) utilizaram terapia única com metformina, e 109 (22,95%) necessitaram de insulina como tratamento complementar. Na análise da razão de possibilidades (RP), a glicemia de jejum (GJ)<90mg/dL reduziu as chances de necessidade da combinação (RP: 0,438 [0,235-0,815]; p=0,009), bem como a primiparidade (RP: 0,280 [0,111-0,704]; p=0,007). Em gestantes obesas, foi observada uma chance maior de necessidade da combinação (RP: 2.072 [1.063-4.039]; p=0,032). Conclusão A obesidade resultou em um aumento na chance de a mãe precisar de insulina como tratamento complementar à metformina, enquanto a GJ<90 mg/dL e a primiparidade foram fatores de proteção.

Risks of maternal obesity in pregnancy: A case-control study in a portuguese obstetrical population / Riscos da obesidade materna na gravidez: um estudo caso-controle em uma oopulação obstétrica portuguesa

Abstract Objective The present study aims to understand to what extent obesity is related to adversematernal, obstetrical, and neonatal outcomes in a Portuguese obstetrical population. Methods A retrospective case-control study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics of a differentiated perinatal care facility. The study compared 1,183 obese pregnant womenwith 5,399 normal or underweight pregnantwomen for the occurrence of gestational diabetes, hypertensive pregnancy disorders, and preterm birth. Mode of delivery, birthweight, and neonatal intensive care unit (ICU) admissionswere also evaluated. Mean blood glucose values were evaluated and compared between groups, in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Only singleton pregnancies were considered. Results The prevalence of obesity was 13.6%. Obese pregnant women were significantly more likely to have cesarean sections (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.0, p< 0.001), gestational diabetes (aOR 2.14, p< 0.001), hypertensive pregnancy disorders (aOR 3.43, p< 0.001), and large-for-gestational age ormacrosomic infants (aOR 2.13, p< 0.001), and less likely to have small-for-gestational age newborns (aOR 0.51, p< 0.009). No significant differences were found in terms of pretermbirths, fetal/neonatal deaths, low birthweight newborns, and neonatal ICU admissions among cases and controls. Maternal obesity was significantly associated with higher mean blood glucose levels, in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Conclusion Obesity is associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. These risks seem to increase progressively with increasing body mass index (BMI) class. Female obesity should be considered a major public health issue and has consequences on maternal-fetal health.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo pretende avaliar em que medida a obesidade influencia os desfechos maternos, obstétricos e neonatais em uma população obstétrica portuguesa. Métodos Um estudo caso-controle retrospectivo foi realizado no departamento de obstetrícia de um centro perinatal diferenciado. O estudo comparou 1.183 grávidas obesas com 5.399 grávidas normoponderais ou com baixo peso para a ocorrência de diabetes gestacional, doenças hipertensivas da gravidez e parto pré-termo. Via de parto, peso ao nascimento e admissão na unidade de cuidados neonatais também foram avaliados. Os valores glicêmicos médios foram avaliados e comparados entre os dois grupos, no primeiro e segundo trimestres de gravidez. Apenas as gravidezes unifetais foram avaliadas. Resultados A prevalência da obesidade foi de 13.6%. As grávidas obesas tiveramrisco significativamente superior a ter uma cesariana (odds ratio ajustado [Ora] 2.0, p < 0.001), diabetes gestacional (ORa 2.14, p < 0.001), doenças hipertensivas da gravidez (ORa 3.43, p < 0.001), recém-nascidos grandes para a idade gestacional ou macrossômicos (ORa 2.13, p < 0.001) e menor probabilidade de ter recém-nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional (ORa 0.51, p < 0.009). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto aos partos pré-termo, mortes fetais/neonatais, baixo peso ao nascer e admissão à unidade de cuidados intensivos neonatais. O odds ratio foi ajustado para a idade, número de gestações, paridade, ganho ponderal, doenças hipertensivas da gravidez e diabetes gestacional. A obesidade materna esteve significativamente associada a valores glicêmicos médios superiores, no primeiro e segundo trimestres de gravidez. Conclusão A obesidade está associada a maior risco de desfechos adversos na gravidez e neonatais. Este risco parece aumentar progressivamente com o aumento do índice de massa corporal (IMC). A obesidade feminina deve ser considerada um importante problema de saúde pública e que tem repercussões na saúde maternofetal.

Comparison of maternal and fetal outcomes in parturients with and without a diagnosis of gestational diabetes / Comparação de desfechos maternos e fetais entre parturientes com e sem o diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional

Abstract Objective The present study aims to compare the maternal and fetal outcomes of parturients with and without a gestational diabetes diagnosis. Methods A case-control study including parturients with (cases) and without (control) a gestational diabetes diagnosis, who delivered at a teaching hospital in Southern Brazil, between May and August 2018. Primary and secondary data were used. Bivariate analysis and a backward conditionalmultivariate logistic regression were used to make comparisons between cases and controls, which were expressed by odds ratio (OR), with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) and a statistical significance level of 5%. Results The cases (n=47) weremore likely to be 35 years old or older compared with the controls (n=93) (p<0.001). The cases had 2.56 times greater chance of being overweight (p=0.014), and a 2.57 times greater chance of having a positive family history of diabetes mellitus (p=0.01). There was no significant difference regarding weight gain, presence of a previous history of gestational diabetes, height, or delivery route. The mean weight at birth was significantly higher in the infants of mothers diagnosed with diabetes (p=0.01). There was a 4.7 times greater chance of macrosomia (p<0.001) and a 5.4 times greater chance of neonatal hypoglycemia (p=0.01) in the infants of mothers with gestational diabetes. Conclusion Therefore, maternal age, family history of type 2 diabetes, obesity and pregestational overweightness are important associated factors for a higher chance of developing gestational diabetes.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo tem como objetivo comparar os desfechos maternos e fetais das parturientes com e sem diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional. Métodos Estudo caso-controle, incluindo parturientes com (casos) e sem (controle) diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional, que tiveram parto em um hospital de ensino no Sul do Brasil, entre maio e agosto de 2018. Foram utilizados dados primários e secundários. Análise bivariada e regressão logística multivariada condicional retrógrada foram utilizadas para fazer comparações entre casos e controles, expressas por razão de probabilidades (RP), com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) e nível de significância estatística de 5%. Resultados Os casos (n=47) tiveram maior chance de ter idade superior a 35 anos em comparação com os controles (n=93) (p<0,001), chance 2,56 vezes maior de estarem acima do peso (p=0,014), e chance 2,57 vezes maior de terem história familiar positiva de diabetes mellitus (p=0,01). Não houve diferença significativa relacionada ao ganho de peso, história pregressa de diabetes gestacional, estatura ou via de parto. O peso médio ao nascer foi significativamente maior nos lactentes de mães com diabetes gestacional (p=0,01). Houve 4,7 vezes maior chance de macrossomia (p<0,001), e 5,4 vezes maior chance de hipoglicemia neonatal (p=0,01) em lactentes de mães com diabetes gestacional. Conclusão Portanto, idade materna, história familiar de diabetes tipo 2, obesidade e excesso de peso pré-gestacional são importantes fatores associados a uma maior chance de desenvolvimento de diabetes gestacional.

¿Se relaciona la obesidad en el embarazo con muerte fetal por insuficiencia placentaria? / Is obesity in pregnancy related to fetal death due to placental insufficiency?

Se presentan 4 casos de muerte fetal en pacientes obesas con embarazos de término, con hallazgos placentarios variados, que sugieren insuficiencia placentaria, que podrían estar asociados a la obesidad. Esta afirmación se basa en evidencias recientes que demuestran que la obesidad por intermedio de la disminución de los mediadores como apelina, leptina, reguladores del tono vascular placentario y de otros reguladores de la angiogénesis, alteran la función placentaria especialmente en embarazos de término y podrían estar implicados con inadecuado crecimiento fetal y con resultados adversos asociados con la obesidad. Comunicamos un mecanismo inusualmente descrito relacionado posiblemente con la obesidad y con resultado desfavorable del embarazo.

We present 4 cases of fetal death in obese pregnant women with term pregnancies, with several placental findings suggesting placental insufficiency, that could be associated with obesity. According to recent evidence obesity could be associated with inadequate fetal growth and adverse outcomes especially at term pregnancies, through the decrease of mediators such as apelin, leptin, regulators of placental vascular tone and other regulators of angiogenesis altering placental function. We report a rarely described mechanism possibly related to obesity and unfavorable outcome of pregnancy.

Obesidad materna pregestacional como factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de macrosomía fetal / Maternal pregnat obesity as a risk factor for the development of fetal macrosomy

RESUMEN Introducción: El riesgo de un macrosomía fetal (con peso = 4.000 g) es 3,4 veces más elevado en los casos de obesidad pregestacional materna. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre el desarrollo de macrosomía fetal y el antecedente de obesidad materna pregestacional en pacientes atendidas en el Centro Materno Infantil de la Cátedra y Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas-Universidad Nacional de Asunción, de enero a agosto del 2013. Pacientes y métodos: diseño de casos y controles, donde se comparó la presencia de obesidad pregestacional y el desarrollo de macrosomía fetal. Resultados: ingresaron al estudio 249 recién nacidos: 110 casos y 139 controles. La prevalencia de de macrosomía en el tiempo estudiado fue 3,9%, en las mujeres obesas fue de 61,5%. Se encontró asociación significativa de macrosomía fetal con obesidad materna pregestacional (p 0,01) y diabetes gestacional (p 0,0007). El índice de masa corporal, peso pregestacional y la ganancia de peso durante el embarazo fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre casos y controles. La cesárea fue la forma de terminación del embarazo más frecuente, y el motivo fue la desproporción cefalopélvica. Conclusión: el antecedente de obesidad materna pregestacional resultó ser un factor de riesgo significativo para el desarrollo de macrosomía fetal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The risk of macrosomy with a weight = 4000 g is 3.4 times higher in cases of maternal prepregnancy obesity. Objective: To determine the association between the development of fetal macrosomy and a history of maternalprepregnancy obesity in patients treated at the Children´s Center for Maternal and Chair Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Asuncion, from January to August, 2013. Patients and methods: Case-control design, where the presence of pre-pregnancy obesity and the development of fetal macrosomywere compared. Results: were admitted 249 newborns to the study: 110 cases and 139 controls. The prevalence of macrosomy in the time studied was 3.9%, in obese women was 61.5%. We found significant association between fetal macrosomy and prepregnant obesity (p 0.01) and gestational diabetes (p 0.0007). The body mass index, pre-pregnancy weight andweight gain during pregnancy was statistically different between cases and controls. Cesarean section was the morefrecuent mode of termination of pregnancy and the reason was the cephalopelvic disproportion. Conclusion: the history of prepregnancy maternal obesity was a risk significant factor for the development of fetal macrosomy.

Factores de riesgo asociados a la macrosomía fetal / Risk factors associated with fetal macrosomy

RESUMEN Introducción: la macrosomía fetal define al recién nacido con peso igual o mayor a 4000 g. Esta puede asociarse a diferentes factores de riesgo, recogidos en los antecedentes de la paciente: IMC, diabetes materna, multiparidad, embarazo prolongado y los antecedentes de hijos macrosómicos anteriores, entre otros. Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a la macrosomía fetal. Describir las características clínicas y socio demográficas de las madres. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de casos y controles en la Cátedra y Servicio de Clínica Gineco Obstétrica del Hospital de Clínicas San Lorenzo, dirigida por el Prof. Dr. Vicente Bataglia Doldan, donde se incluyeron 200 pacientes que tuvieron su parto en el periodo de enero a diciembre 2012. En el estudio se analizó la asociación de ciertos factores de riesgo calculando OR y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados: la media de edad en el grupo control fue 24,4 ± 6 años y 26,5± 6 años para los casos. El mayor porcentaje de escolaridad se concentró en el nivel de secundario. Sobre la procedencia el mayor número de mujeres procedieron del Departamento Central. Los factores de riesgo maternos significativos fueron: obesidad (OR=2,7) (p<0,001), antecedente de feto macrosómico (OR=8,6) (p<0,001), embarazo postérmino (OR=14,7) (p<0,001), la paridad previa (OR=1,8) (p<0,05). No fueron estadísticamente significativos la diabetes materna, el aumento de peso mayor a 15 kg, el antecedente familiar de diabetes, la edad mayor a 35 años ni sexo fetal masculino. Conclusión: los factores de riesgo que se asociaron significativamente a la macrosomía fetal fueron la obesidad, el antecedente de feto macrosómico y embarazo postérmino.

ABSTRACT Introduction: fetal macrosomy defines to the newborn with weight equal to or greater than 4000g. This may be associated with different risk factors, collected in the background of the patient: BMI , maternal diabetes, multiparity, prolonged pregnancy and history of previous macrosomic children, among others. Objective: To identify risk factors associated with fetal macrosomy. To describe the clinical features and sociodemographic characteristics of mothers. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted in the Department of Clinical Gynecology and Obstetrics Service of the Hospital de Clinicas San Lorenzo, directed by Prof. Dr. Vincent Battaglia Doldan, 200 patients where included, which gave birth in the period of January to December 2012. In the study the association of certain risk factors by calculating OR and confidence respective intervals to 95% were analyzed. Results: The mean age in the control group cases was 24.4 ± 6 and 26.5 ± 6 years. The highest schooling percentage was focused on the secondary level. Relative to procedence; mayority of women came from the Central Department. Significant maternal risk factors were obesity (OR = 2.7) (p < 0,001), history of macrosomic fetus (OR = 8.6) (p < 0.001), post-term pregnancy (OR = 14.7) (p <0.001), the previous parity (OR = 1.8) (p <0.05). Maternal diabetes, increased weight to 15 kg, family history of diabetes, age greater than 35 years and male sex where not statidtically significant. Conclusion: The risk factors significantly associated with fetal macrosomy were obesity, history of macrosomic fetus and post term pregnancy.